From Volcanoes to Jungles: How Growing Conditions Shape the Coffee in Your Cup

Coffee terroir is the combination of natural factors such as climate, soil, altitude, and microclimate that influence the taste of coffee. Just like in winemaking, terroir defines the character of the beverage — from acidity to aromatic notes.

Climate

Temperature. Coffee grows best in temperatures between 18°C and 24°C. In cooler climates, the ripening of coffee cherries slows down, allowing more sugars and aromatic compounds to develop. This is typical for high-altitude regions like Ethiopia or Colombia, where coffee is known for its bright acidity and complex flavor profile.

Rainfall. Consistent rainfall supports uniform cherry ripening. In areas with irregular rainfall — such as Brazil — farmers adapt their processing methods to preserve bean quality.

Altitude: the higher, the better?

The altitude at which coffee is grown directly affects its taste. Above 1200 meters above sea level, coffee matures more slowly, helping develop complex aromas and higher acidity. For example, coffee from the Yirgacheffe region in Ethiopia is famous for its floral and citrus notes.

What about soil?

Volcanic soils. Regions with volcanic soils, like Costa Rica or Guatemala, are rich in minerals that enhance bright fruity and floral notes in coffee.

Clay soils. In Brazil, clay soils with good water retention support the cultivation of coffee with chocolatey and nutty flavor notes.

Microclimate: each farm is unique

Even within the same region, the microclimate can vary significantly. For instance, south-facing slopes receive more sunlight, which affects the speed of cherry ripening — and ultimately, the flavor of the coffee.

The flavor of coffee is the result of a rich interplay of natural factors. Understanding terroir not only helps you appreciate the drink’s quality — it also builds a connection to the place where it was grown. Next time you enjoy a cup of coffee, think about this: you might quite literally be tasting Ethiopian rains or Brazilian sunshine ;)